Overuse ofdiuretics that inhibit the ability of the kidneys to con-serve sodium and certain types of sodium-wasting kidney diseases can also cause modest degrees of hyponatremia. Conditions that can cause hyponatremia owing to loss of sodium chloride include diarrhea and vomiting. A primary loss of sodium chloride usually results in hypo-osmotic dehydration and is associated with decreased extracellular fluid volume. Causes of Hyponatremia: Excess Water or Loss of Sodiumĭecreased plasma sodium concentration can result from loss of sodium chloride from the extracellular fluid or addition of excess water to the extracellular fluid (Table 25–4). When plasma sodium concentration is reduced more than a few milliequivalents below normal (about 142 mEq/L), a person is said to have hyponatremia. When plasma sodium concentration is elevated above normal, a person is said to have hypernatremia. Plasma osmolarity is not routinely measured, but because sodium and its associ-ated anions (mainly chloride) account for more than 90 per cent of the solute in the extracellular fluid, plasma sodium concentration is a reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity under many conditions. The primary measurement that is readily available to the clinician for evaluating a patient’s fluid status is the plasma sodium concentration. For additional information visit Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus.Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited without authorization. Links to other sites are provided for information only - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy editorial process and privacy policy. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. The most common are water pills (diuretics) to treat blood pressure, heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease.Ī.D.A.M., Inc. Often, a high or low blood level of sodium or potassium is present as well. This results in extreme thirst and dehydration.
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